01
Purinergic Signaling (ATP)
Acupuncture directly initiates a process called purinergic signaling, a primitive system using adenosine and ATP for signaling and regulation in all tissues15. Studies demonstrate mice lacking adenosine A1 receptors did not have pain relief from acupuncture, while normal mice did15.
02
Endogenous Opioid Cascade
Human neuroimaging and mechanistic reviews suggest acupuncture modulates μ-opioid receptor binding and involves several classes of endogenous opioid neuropeptides16. It triggers the central nervous system to release its own analgesics without synthetic side effects.
03
Autonomic Nervous System Regulation
Acupuncture modulates parasympathetic activity, the branch of the nervous system associated with rest, relaxation, digestion and tissue healing17.
// CLINICAL METAPHOR: ACTS AS A PHYSICAL CIRCUIT BREAKER TO CHRONIC HYPER-VIGILANCE.
04
Central Nervous System Deactivation
In the brain, acupuncture has been shown to change functional connectivity, decreasing activity in limbic structures associated with stress and illness while improving the regulation of the hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal axis18.